ABSTRACT
Background: Modafinil, a drug approved for use innarcolepsy, has shown conflicting effects on cognition.This study was conducted to observe the effects ofModafinil on learning and memory following acute andchronic administration in Wistar rats. Aim andObjectives: To observe the effects of Modafinil onlearning and memory following acute and chronicadministration. Material and Methods: The studyconducted in 42 male Wistar rats, had seven groups:Group I: Control, Group II: Negative Control(Vehicle), Group III: Standard Control (Donepezil),Group IV: Chronic Modafinil 10 mg/kg, Group V:Chronic Modafinil 20 mg/kg, Group VI: AcuteModafinil 10 mg/kg, Group VII: Acute Modafinil 10mg/kg. All drugs were administered for 15 days.th Scopolamine was used to induce amnesia on the 15day in all groups except Group I. Using the HebbWilliam maze, baseline learning score was recorded onday 1, and post-treatment learning scores wererecorded on days 15 and 16. Results: On days 15 and16, the learning scores significantly decreased in GroupI, while it significantly increased in group II, comparedto baseline, indicating induction of amnesia byscopolamine. In Group III the learning scores on days15 and 16 (8.66 ± 2.63, 9.66 ± 2.75, in seconds) weredecreased significantly compared to baseline (18.83 ±2.65), indicating a reversal of scopolamine-inducedamnesia. All doses of Modafinil (Acute 10 mg and 20mg/kg, Chronic 10 mg and 20 mg/kg) showed astatistically significant increase in learning scores ondays 15 and 16, compared to baseline, indicating noreversal of scopolamine-induced amnesia. Conclusion:Modafinil in doses of 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg, giveneither as a single dose or over a period of time, does notreverse amnesia induced by scopolamine in rats.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: In clinical practice, nonspecific antidiarrhealsare most commonly used by clinicians along with routinetreatment to hasten the recovery. This study was conductedto to study the safety and tolerability of these nonspecificantidiarrheals in children with acute diarrhea.Material and Methods: This was a prospective, observationalstudy done in clinical settings for a period of 3 years at twopediatric clinics and at a tertiary care hospital. Children weredivided into 5 treatment groups (viz, control, racecadotril,Mebarid, Diarex and loperamide) at the discretion of thepediatrician. One questionnaire was provided to parents torecord the details about the course of diarrhea and parentswere sensitized to report any adverse event.Results: Overall occurrence of adverse events wassignificantly higher in racecadotril group (34.86%) comparedto other groups (C:23.16%, M:21.14%, D:17.95%, L:17.65%).Conclusion: These agents may be safe, effective andinexpensive addition to the routine treatment of acute diarrhea.
ABSTRACT
Background: It is of high value to be assess the relationship between doses of Acenocoumarol and the INR values to offer better patient care. Since Acenocoumarol is a commonly used drug with a narrow therapeutic range it is essential to monitor the variations encountered in response to it to avoid drastic complications and to provide better health care. Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the INR values with different doses of Acenocoumarol, to compare the association of dose of Acenocoumarol with their respective INR and to find out the occurrence of bleeding with different doses of Acenocoumarol.Methods: The study was conducted in a Tertiary care hospital. 40 patients taking Acenocoumarol were recruited in the study. Relevant details like age, weight, dose of Acenocoumarol, INR and other concomitant drugs were obtained in a prospective manner. Correlation of dose of Acenocoumarol with respective INR was done by simple linear regression.Results: The relationship between dose and INR was analyzed using Simple linear regression and the scatter plot revealed no significant correlation between the dose and INR values. There is a lot of inter-individual variability in the dose response and thereafter the INR values.Conclusions: The dose of Acenocoumarol cannot predict INR values. Patient can ideally be started treatment on a low dose of Acenocoumarol and based on the INR values, dose can be titrated. There is a need for consideration of other factors which influence the dose and INR values.
ABSTRACT
The beauty of the laryngeal mask is that it forms an air tight seal enclosing the larynx rather than plugging the pharynx, and avoid airway obstruction in the oropharynx. The goal of its development was to create an intermediate form of airway management face mask and endotracheal tube. Indication for its use includes any procedure that would normally involve the use of a face mask. The laryngeal mask airway was designed as a new concept in airway management and has been gaining a firm position in anesthetic practice. Despite wide spread use the definitive role of the laryngeal mask airway is yet to be established. In some situations, such as after failed tracheal intubation or in oral surgery its use is controversial. There are several unresolved issues, for example the effect of the laryngeal mask on regurgitation and whether or not cricoids pressure prevents placement of mask. We review the techniques of insertion, details of misplacement, and complications associated with use of the laryngeal mask. We then attempt to clarify the role of laryngeal mask in air way management during anesthesia, discussing the advantages and disadvantages as well as indications and contraindications of its use in oral and maxillofacial surgery.